WGU C952

WGU C952

48 studiers today 4.6 (123 reviews) Students also studied Terms in this set (239) Western Governors UniversityD 426 Save WGU C851 (Linux Foundations) 81 terms aurielcofieldPreview LPI Linux Essentials 010-160 81 terms superyeeter42069 Preview D686 250 terms stuffjimlPreview Linux E 80 terms Nam Register FileA state element that consists of a set of registers that can be read and written by supplying a register number to be accessed.provides 1024 scalar 32-bit registers for up to 64 threads.machine languageThe language made up of binary-coded instructions that is used directly by the computer system softwareThe set of programs that enables a computer's hardware devices and application software to work together; it includes the operating system and utility programs.operating system(computer science) software that controls the execution of computer programs and may provide various services Assembly LanguageProgramming language that has the same structure and set of commands as machine languages but allows programmers to use symbolic representations of numeric machine code.IBM 360/91Introduced many new concepts, including dynamic detection of memory hazards, generalized forwarding, and reservation stations. Tomasulo's algorithm The internal organization of the 360/91 shares many features with the Pentium III and Pentium 4, as well as with several other microprocessors. One major difference was that there was no branch prediction in the 360/91 and hence no speculation. Another major difference was that there was no commit unit, so once the instructions finished execution, they updated the registers.

Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM)Memory built as an integrated circuit; it provides random access to any location.Access times are 50 nanoseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2012 was $5 to $10.Multiple DRAMs are used together to contain the instructions and data of a program. In contrast to sequential access memories, such as magnetic tapes, the RAM portion of the term DRAM means that memory accesses take basically the same amount of time no matter what portion of the memory is read.Modern DRAMS consist of rows in each bank frame bufferingA portion of RAM containing a bitmap that drives a video display. It is a memory buffer containing a complete frame of data.The image to be represented onscreen is stored in the frame buffer, and the bit pattern per pixel is read out to the graphics display at the refresh rate. The animation below shows a frame buffer with a simplified design of just 4 bits per pixel.DatapathThe component of the processor that performs arithmetic operations ControlThe component of the processor that commands the datapath, memory, and I/O devices according to the instructions of the program.Integrated circuitAlso called a chip. A device combining dozens to millions of transistors.Central processor unit (CPU)Also called processor. The active part of the computer, which contains the datapath and control and which adds numbers, tests numbers, signals I/O devices to activate, and so on.Static random access memory (SRAM)Also memory built as an integrated circuit, but faster and less dense than DRAM.Instruction set architectureAlso called architecture. An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest-level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly, including instructions, registers, memory access, I/O, and so on.Application binary interface (ABI)The user portion of the instruction set plus the operating system interfaces used by application programmers. It defines a standard for binary portability across computers.Volatile memoryStorage, such as DRAM, that retains data only if it is receiving power.Nonvolatile MemoryA form of memory that retains data even in the absence of a power source and that is used to store programs between runs. A DVD disk is nonvolatile.Magnetic diskAlso called hard disk. A form of nonvolatile secondary memory composed of rotating platters coated with a magnetic recording material. Because they are rotating mechanical devices, access times are about 5 to 20 milliseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2012 was $0.05 to $0.10

Main memoryAlso called primary memory. Memory used to hold programs while they are running; typically consists of DRAM in today's computers.Secondary memoryNonvolatile memory used to store programs and data between runs; typically consists of flash memory in PMDs and magnetic disks in servers.Flash memoryA nonvolatile semiconductor memory. It is cheaper and slower than DRAM but more expensive per bit and faster than magnetic disks. Access times are about 5 to 50 microseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2012 was $0.75 to $1.00.Single Instruction Single Data (SISD)A uniprocessor Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD)A multiprocessor.Single Program, Multiple Data Streams (SPMD) The conventional MIMD programming model, where a single program runs across all processors.Single Instruction Stream, Multiple Data Streams (SIMD) The same instruction is applied to many data streams, as in a vector processor.Data-level parallelismParallelism achieved by performing the same operation on independent data vector-based code conventional code LEGv8assembly instructions multimedia extensions (MMX)An expanded set of instructions supported by a processor that provides multimedia-specific functions.data hazard (pipeline data hazard)When a planned instruction cannot execute in the proper clock cycle because data that is needed to execute the instruction are not yet available.forwarding (bypassing)A method of resolving a data hazard by retrieving the missing data element from internal buffers rather than waiting for it to arrive from programmer-visible registers or memory Structural hazardWhen a planned instruction cannot execute in the proper clock cycle because the hardware does not support the combination of instructions that are set to execute.PipeliningTechnique that allows the CPU to work on more than one instruction at a time Formula total process time = [longest task * (total load -1)] + total load time R-format ALU operationsRequires register file and the ALU.Program Counter (PC)The register that contains the address of the next instruction to be executed

outputThe results of the operation of any system.temporal localityThe principle stating that if a data location is referenced then it will tend to be referenced again soon.spatial localityThe principle stating that if a data location is referenced, data locations with nearby addresses will tend to be referenced soon.Memory hierarchyA structure that uses multiple levels of memories; as the distance from the processor increases, the size of the memories and the access time both increase.Block (or line)The minimum unit of information that can be either present or not present in a cache.Hit rateThe fraction of memory accesses found in a level of the memory hierarchy.Miss rateThe fraction of memory accesses not found in a level of the memory hierarchy miss penaltyThe time required to fetch a block into a level of the memory hierarchy from the lower level, including the time to access the block, transmit it from one level to the other, insert it in the level that experienced the miss, and then pass the block to the requestor.Hit timeThe time required to access a level of the memory hierarchy, including the time needed to determine whether the access is a hit or a miss.Parallelizationconsist of dividing a program into separate components that run in parallel on individual computers in the cluster superscalarTechnique primarily associated with hardware.Functional units (ALU, Floating Point Unit, Load/Store Unit) are duplicated in the pipeline of a superscalar processor which allows the hardware to issue multiple instructions to each unit simultaneously.ARM architecturecan support 16-bit Amdahl's LawA formula used to find the maximum improvement possible by improving a particular part of a system. In parallel computing, Amdahl's law is mainly used to predict the theoretical maximum speedup for program processing using multiple processors multiprocessorA term used to refer to a computer with more than one CPU.Uniform Memory Access (UMA)A multiprocessor in which latency to any word in main memory is about the same no matter which processor requests the access.Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)Varying system memory access times, because of system hardware.