WGU D027 OA EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK

WGU D027 OA EXAM 2023-2024 ACTUAL EXAM TEST BANK

400 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH

RATIONALES|AGRADE

What are some physical changes from Alzheimer's dementia? - ANSWER- - Brain shrinks dramatically; nerve cell death and tissue loss

- Cardinal signs: plaques (abnormal clusters of protein fragments) and tangles

(twisted strands of another protein)

How is Alzheimer's treated? - ANSWER- - There is no cure, but there are pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments

• Cholinesterase inhibitors
• Memantine (namenda)

What are cholinesterase inhibitors prescribed for? - ANSWER- - To treat symptoms related to memory, thinking, language, judgment, and other processes

• Helps delay or slow the worsening of symptoms

What does cholinesterase inhibitors do? - ANSWER- - Prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, a chemical messenger that is important for learning and memory

• Supports communication among nerve cells by keeping the acetylcholine high

What are some commonly prescribed cholinesterase inhibitors? - ANSWER- - Donepezil (aricept)

• Galantamine (razadyne)
• Rivastigmine (exeleon)

Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for all stages of Alzheimer's? - ANSWER- - Donepezil (aricept)

Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for mild-to-moderate stages of Alzheimer's? - ANSWER- - Galantamine (razadyne)

• Rivastigmine (exeleon)

Which cholinesterase inhibitor can be used for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's and Parkinson's? - ANSWER- - Rivastigmine (exeleon)

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What medication combination is used to treat moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's? - ANSWER- - Memantine (namenda) and donepezil (aricept)

What is memantine (namenda) used for? - ANSWER- - Prescribed to improve memory, attention, reason, language, and the ability to perform simple tasks

• Can be used alone or with other Alzheimer's disease treatments

How does memantine (namenda) work? - ANSWER- - Regulates the activity of glutamate, a chemical involved in information processing, storage, and retrieval

• Improves mental functioning and ability to perform daily activities for some

people

What is the difference in MOA between cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine (namenda)? - ANSWER- - Cholinesterase inhibitors prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine, whereas memantine (namenda) regulates the activity of glutamate

What is ataxia? - ANSWER- - Also known as cerebellum attacks

• Degenerative disease of the nervous system
• Many symptoms mimic those of being drunk (i.e. slurred speech, stumbling,

falling, and incoordination)

What causes the symptoms of ataxia? - ANSWER- - The damage caused to the cerebellum, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating movements

• Can also be caused by damage to part of the spinal cord and nerves

What is the treatment for ataxia? - ANSWER- - No treatment

• In some cases, treating the underlying causes (i.e. stopping medications that cause

ataxia)

• In other cases, it is a result from chicken pox or other viral infections (likely to

resolve on its own)

• Genetic causes/predisposed disposition is usually chronic

What causes ataxia in the pediatric population? - ANSWER- - Genetic predisposition

• Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS)
• Prader-Willie Syndrome

What is Fragile X syndrome (FXS)? - ANSWER- - A genetic condition inherited from parents which results in various developmental problems

• Rare, but may be dangerous or life-threatening 2 / 4

• Present at birth and is a lifelong condition
• Rarely requires lab testing or imaging
• Often linked to autism (1/3 do have autism)
• X-linked disorder

Since Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is an X-linked disorder, does a specific gender have a greater risk? - ANSWER- - Often, females are carriers and males are affected

• However, both males and females can be carriers, and both can be affected by the

condition

• Usually milder in females

How did Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) get its name? - ANSWER- - The gene Fragile X (the FMR1 gene) is on the X syndrome

• Mutation of the FMR1 gene

What is the difference between Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) and Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)? - ANSWER- - Both caused by mutations on the FMR1 gene, but they are caused by different changes in this gene

• FXS is caused by a full mutation
• FXTAS is a premutation
• FXS is present at birth, but display these features in early life
• FXTAS develops in adulthood (usually after age 50) and the symptoms may

appear slowly and develop over the years

• FXTAS individuals are usually healthy with normal cognitive skills prior to the

onset

How is Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS) diagnosed? - ANSWER- - Being a FMR1 premutation carrier

• The appearance of neurological features such as ataxia (balance problems),

tremors, and other symptoms

• MRI findings (changes in the brain)

What is Prader-Willie Syndrome? - ANSWER- - Genetic disorder that affects many parts of the body and their growth

• Causes mental and behavioral problems
• Can be dangerous or life threatening if untreated
• Combination of contraceptives contraindicated in breast feeding
• More common in females
• Confirmed from laboratory findings 3 / 4

What is the cause of Prader-Willi Syndrome? - ANSWER- - Depletion of chromosome 15 from father

• Missing or non-working genes on chromosome 15 (15q11-q13)
• Most cases are not inherited and occur randomly
• Depletion of genes (genes from the region are missing)
• Uniparental disomy - both chromosomes are inherited from the mother
• Imprinting mutation - genes on the paternal chromosome is inactive

What does Prader-Willi Syndrome do to the body? - ANSWER- - Caused the hypothalamus to malfunction (the area of the brain that affects hunger, thirst, sex and growth hormones)

• In infancy, an individual does not meet development milestones suck as sitting up

and walking

• Their eyes lack coordination

What is a key feature of Prader-Willi Syndrome? - ANSWER- - A constant sense of hunger that usually begins around 2 years of age

• People with Prader-Willi Syndrome want to eat constantly because they never

feel full

What are some symptoms in infants with Prader-Willi Syndrome? - ANSWER- - Hypotonia with floppy structure and poor muscle tone

• Distinct facial features affecting the shape and size of eyes, lips, forehead, etc.
• Poor sucking ability making it difficult to feed
• Always lethargic and poor responsiveness
• Underdeveloped genitals

What is celiac disease? - ANSWER- - Autoimmune disease

• Damages to the small intestinal epithelium when there is ingestion of gluten
• Loss of mucosal surface and brush border enzymes leads to severe malabsorption

that is more pronounced in the duodenum and jejunum

What strong genetic disposition does celiac disease have? - ANSWER- - Human leukocyte antigen DQ2 (HLA-DQ2) and HLA-DQ5

What test is recommended for celiac disease? - ANSWER- - IgA-tTG

• Total IgA
• Simple, inexpensive, widely available, typically covered by insurance, and is very

accurate in untreated celiac disease

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