WGU D278 Scripting and Programming - Foundations

agile approach / spiral approachA program can be built by doing small amounts of each SDLC phases in sequence, and then repeating, known as the agile approach (or spiral approach).agricultural ageCivilization's earlier __ lasted many thousands of years.algorithmAn __ is a sequence of steps that solves a problem, generating correct output for any valid input values.Algorithm efficiency__ is typically measured by the algorithm's computational complexity.algorithm time efficiencyAlgorithm time efficiency: The number of calculations required to solve a problem.analysisThe __ phase determines the goals and requirements for a system.argumentAn __ is a value provided to a function's parameter during a function call. Any function input values, or __, appear within ( ), and are separated by commas if more than one.arrayAn __ is a special variable having one name, but storing a list of data items, with each item being directly accessible.ASCII__ is a popular code for characters.assignment statementAn __ assigns the variable on the left-side of the = with the current value of the right-side expression.auxiliary space complexityAn algorithm's __ is the space complexity not including the input data.behavioral diagramA __ visualizes dynamic behavior of software, such as the flow of an algorithm.best caseAn algorithm's __ is the scenario where the algorithm does the minimum possible number of operations.binary numbersComputers can only represent two values (0 or 1), so base two numbers, known as __ ("bi" refers to two).Binary search__ is a faster algorithm for searching a list if the list's elements are sorted and directly accessible (such as an array). Divides an item into two halves, runs a test to decide in which half something lies, and repeats the binary search on that half.bitA single 0 or 1 is called a __.

BooleanA __ is a type that has just two values: true or false.

braces{ } are __ .brackets[ ] are __ .

branchIn a program, a __ is a sequence of statements only executed under a certain condition.bug / debuggingIn a program, a problem's cause is called a bug, and troubleshooting is called debugging.byteEight bits, like 11000101, are called a __.case sensitiveIdentifiers are __, meaning upper and lower case letters differ.characterA __ includes any letter (a-z, A-Z), digit (0-9), or symbol (~, !, @, etc.).classA __ is a code blueprint for creating an object that is composed of data members and functions that operate on those data members.class diagramA UML __ is a structural diagram that can be used to visually model the classes of a computer program, including data members and functions.commentA __ is text a programmer adds to a program, to be read by humans to better understand the code, but ignored by the program when executing.compiled language / compilerA program written in a compiled language is first converted by a tool (compiler) into machine code, which can run on a particular machine.Computational complexity__ is the amount of resources used by the algorithm.computational problemA __ specifies an input, a question about the input that can be answered using a computer, and the desired output.computational thinkingThe thought processes needed to build correct, precise, logical programs is sometimes called __ and has benefits beyond programming.computer chipBy the 1970's, an entire computer could fit on one coin-sized device known as a __.constantA __ is a named value item that holds a value that cannot change.

Coral__: A simple language for learning to program.

cursorA __ indicates where the next output item will be placed in the output.debug output statementsAnother debugging process is to insert __ whose output helps determine whether the preceding statement has the bug.decimal numbersBecause early humans represented values using ten fingers, humans developed base ten numbers, known as __ ("dec" refers to ten).decisionIn Coral flowcharts, a __ creates two branches: If the __'s expression is true, the first branch executes, else the second branch executes. Afterwards, the branches rejoin.

designThe __ phase determines the specifics of how to build a system.design phaseThe __ defines specifics of how to build a program.divide-by-zero errorA __ occurs at runtime if a divisor is 0, causing a program to terminate.division / /The division operator is /, as in x / y.do-while loopA __ is a loop construct that first executes the loop body's statements, then checks the loop condition.dynamically typedMany interpreted languages are __, meaning a variable's type may change while a program executes, usually based on what is assigned to the variable.elementEach item in an array is known as an __.embedded computerAn __ is a computer inside another electrical device, like inside a TV, car, printer, thermostat, satellite, etc.epsilonThe difference threshold indicating that floating-point numbers are equal is often called the __.equality operatorAn __ checks whether two operands' values are the same (==) or different (!=).evaluatesAn expression __ to a value, which replaces the expression. Ex: If x is 5, then x + 1 __ to 6, and y = x + 1 assigns y with 6.expressionAn __ is a combination of items, like variables, literals, operators, and parentheses, that evaluates to a value. Ex: 2 * (x + 1) is an __. If x is 3, the __ evaluates to the value 8.floatA variable declared as type __ stores a __ing-point number.floating-point literalA __ is a number with a fractional part, even if that fraction is 0, as in 1.0, 0.0, or

99.573.

floating-point numberA __ is a real number, like 98.6, 0.0001, or -666.667.flowchartA __ is a graphical language for creating or viewing computer programs.for loopA __ is a loop consisting of a loop variable initialization, a loop expression, and a loop variable update that typically describes iterating for a specific number of times.functionA __ is a named list of statements.function callA __ consists of the function name and parentheses, within which comma- separated arguments (if any) appear.