WGU Introduction to Computer Science Objective Assessment Part 1

WGU Introduction to Computer Science Objective Assessment Part 1 12 studiers recently Leave the first rating Students also studied Terms in this set (1863) Western Governors UniversityICSC 2211 Save

Western Governors University D684:...

180 terms justlivinePreview Introduction to Computer Science - ...203 terms Pete1230zPreview WGU D684 - Practice Test 20 terms Bernaldavid187 Preview WGU In 60 terms you DataBasic values or facts.InformationData that has been organized and/or processed in a way that is useful in solving some kind of problem.Unstructured DataData that lacks context.Binary DigitsThe representation of all data as strings of 1s and 0s.Data CompressionReducing the amount of space needed to store a piece of data.Compression RatioThe size of the compressed data divided by the size of the original data, resulting in a number between 0 and 1.Lossless CompressionA data compression technique where the data can be retrieved without losing any of the original information.Lossy CompressionA data compression technique in which some information is lost in the process of compaction.Tradeoff in Data RepresentationThe balance between accuracy and size when dealing with data representation and compression.Analog DataData that is continuous and infinite, representing the natural world.Digital DataData that is finite, as computer memory and hardware have limited capacity.

Streaming VideoVideo played as it is downloaded from the Web, emphasizing the need for efficient data representation.Multimedia DevicesComputers that deal with a vast array of information categories including numbers, text, audio, images, and video.Storage LimitationsThe constraints that previously required data to be kept small due to the cost of storage.Bandwidth RestrictionsInherent limitations that define the maximum number of bits or bytes that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.Continuous Number LineA representation where values grow infinitely large and small.Finite RepresentationThe attempt to represent an infinite world on a finite machine.Satisfaction of Computational NeedsThe goal of representing enough of the world to meet our computational requirements.Real World MovementThe concept that objects move through continuous and infinite space.Numeric SpaceThe infinite range of values between two integers.Representation of DataThe methods by which different types of data are stored and manipulated on a computer.Types of DataCategories of data including numbers, text, audio, images, and video.Data ManagementThe process of organizing and representing data effectively.Analog DataA continuous representation, analogous to the actual information it represents.Digital DataA discrete representation, breaking the information up into separate elements.Mercury ThermometerAn analog device where the mercury rises in a continuous flow in the tube in direct proportion to the temperature.CalibrationThe process of marking the tube of a thermometer so that the current temperature can be read.Binary SystemA number system that uses only two possible values, typically represented as 0 and 1.Pulse-Code Modulation (PCM)A behavior of digital signals that jump sharply between two extremes.Signal DegradationThe loss of information as electronic signals move down a line due to environmental effects.ReclockingThe process of periodically restoring a digital signal to regain its original shape.

BitThe smallest unit of data in a computer, which can be either 0 or 1.Multiple BitsUsing more than one bit to represent more than two things.Two BitsCan represent four things due to four combinations of 0 and 1: 00, 01, 10, and 11.Digital SignalA signal that has only a high or low state, corresponding to the two binary digits.Analog SignalA signal that continually fluctuates up and down in voltage.Environmental EffectsFactors that can cause fluctuations in the voltage of a signal as it moves down a line.ThresholdA specific voltage level above which a digital signal is considered high and below which it is considered low.Sweet or Sour ClassificationAn example of using one bit to classify food as either sweet (0) or sour (1).Four Possible GearsAn example of using two bits to represent the states of a car: park (00), drive (01), reverse (10), neutral (11).Continuous EntityAn object or phenomenon that can be represented in a continuous manner, such as temperature.Discrete ElementsSeparate pieces into which continuous data is broken for digital representation.Binary DigitsThe individual representations of the discrete elements in a digital format.Information LossThe loss of data that occurs when an analog signal degrades beyond recognition.High ValueAny voltage value above a certain threshold in a digital signal.Low ValueAny voltage value below a certain threshold in a digital signal.Bit CombinationsThe actual mapping between bit combinations and the thing each combination represents.Two BitsCan represent four things.Three BitsCan represent eight things because eight combinations of 0 and 1 can be made from three bits.Four BitsCan represent 16 things.Five BitsCan represent 32 things.General Formula for BitsIn general, n bits can represent 2^n things.

Doubling RepresentationEvery time we increase the number of available bits by 1, we double the number of things we can represent.Minimum Bits for 25 ThingsTo represent 25 unique things, at least five bits are needed, which allows representation of 32 things.Computer Architecture BitsThe minimum number of bits that a computer architecture can address and move around at one time is usually a power of 2, such as 8, 16, or 32 bits.Numeric ValuesThe most prevalent type of data used in a computer system.Binary and Numeric DataA natural relationship exists between the numeric data and the binary values that we store to represent them.Signed-Magnitude RepresentationA method of representing negative numbers where a sign (+ or -) is placed before a number's value.Zero RepresentationsThere are two representations of zero in signed-magnitude representation—plus zero and minus zero.Addition and Subtraction with Signed IntegersCan be described as moving a certain number of units in one direction or another on a number line.Negative NumbersRepresented by placing a minus sign in front of the number's value.Complexity of Zero RepresentationsTwo representations of zero within a computer can cause unnecessary complexity.Integer ConversionsBasic issues regarding integer conversions were covered in Chapter 2 in the general discussion of the binary system.Negative and Noninteger ValuesThis section discusses the representation of negative and noninteger values.Magnitude of NumbersThe digits represent the magnitude of the number in signed-magnitude representation.Number LineA visual representation where a negative sign means that the number is to the left of zero and the positive number is to the right of zero.Complexity in RepresentationThe idea of a negative zero doesn't necessarily bother us; we just ignore it.Fixed-Sized NumbersNumbers represented as integer values with a fixed number of values, where half represent negative numbers.Signed-MagnitudeA method of representing numbers where the sign is determined by the magnitude of the number.Ten's ComplementA representation of negative numbers that simplifies electronic calculations, using the formula Negative(I) = 10k - I.