WGUl C180l Objectivel Assessmentl Latestl

WGUl C180l Objectivel Assessmentl (Latestl 2026/l 2027l Update)l Introductionl tol Psychologyl Reviewl |100%l Verifiedl Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A

Q:l Whatl isl top-downl processing?

Answer:

wel utilizel preexistingl expectanciesl andl experiencesl tol perceivel thel environment.l Forl example,l ifl yourl friendl offersl youl al cartonl ofl milkl andl tellsl youl shel thinksl itl isl spoiled,l thenl youl willl nowl experiencel thatl milkl usingl al top-downl process.l Yourl friendl hasl createdl anl expectationl forl youl tol findl thatl thel milkl isl indeedl spoiled.l Ifl yourl friendl hadl justl handedl thel milkl tol youl andl letl youl takel al drinkl forl yourself,l thenl youl mayl notl havel foundl itl tol bel spoiledl atl all.

Q:l 5.l Whatl isl inattentionall blindness?

Answer:

thel abilityl tol focusl onl somel sensoryl inputsl whilel tuningl outl others.

Q:l Briefly,l describel Pavlov'sl earlyl workl inl classicall conditioning.

Answer:

Inl Pavlov'sl experiment,l thel soundl ofl thel tonel servedl asl thel conditionedl stimulusl that,l afterl learning,l producedl thel conditionedl responsel (CR),l whichl isl thel acquiredl responsel tol thel formerlyl neutrall stimulus.l Notel thatl thel URl andl thel CRl arel thel samel behavior— inl thisl casel salivation—butl theyl arel givenl differentl namesl becausel theyl arel producedl byl differentl stimulil (thel USl andl thel CS,l respectively).

Q:l Whatl isl classicall conditioning?

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Answer:

refersl tol learningl thatl occursl whenl al neutrall stimulusl (e.g.,l al tone)l becomesl associatedl withl al stimulusl (e.g.,l food)l thatl naturallyl producesl al specificl behavior.

Q:l anl examplel ofl Pavlov'sl researchl withl dogs...

Now,l usingl thel lastl columnl inl thel tablel above,l describel anl examplel ofl classicall conditioningl froml yourl personall orl professionall life.l Identifyl thel components.l (CS,l CR,l US,l UR)

Answer:

Unconditionedl Stimulusl (US)-Foodl ex:Catl food

Unconditionedl Responsel (UR)-Salivationl ex:l Runsl tol food

Conditionedl Stimulusl (CS)-Whistlel ex:Rufflingl ofl bag

Conditionedl Responsel (CR)-Salivationl ex:Runsl tol food

Catsl runl tol theirl foodl ifl theyl seel it.l Afterl noticingl thel rufflingl ofl al bagl isl youl gettingl theirl foodl out,l theyl comel tol thel soundl ofl youl rufflingl thel bagl ofl theirl food.

Q:l Providel anl examplel ofl extinction.

Answer:

Youl nol longerl filll thel catsl foodl bowll afterl rufflingl al bag,l sol thel catl nol longerl comesl tol thatl noise.

Q:l Providel anl examplel ofl generalization

Answer:

Thel catl comesl tol thel soundl ofl anyl rufflingl bag.

Q:l 7.l Whatl isl operantl conditioning?l Definel andl providel anl examplel relevantl tol yourl work. 2 / 4

Answer:

learningl thatl occursl onl thel basesl ofl thel consequencesl ofl behaviorl andl canl involvel thel learningl ofl newl behaviors.l Example:l gettingl moneyl forl gettingl goodl gradesl onl al reportl card

Q:l 8.l Whatl arel thel differencesl betweenl primaryl andl secondary/conditionedl reinforcers?l Providel anl examplel ofl each.

Answer:

primaryl reinforcerl includesl stimulil thatl arel naturallyl preferredl orl enjoyedl byl thel organism,l suchl asl food,l water,l andl reliefl froml pain,l al secondaryl reinforcerl (sometimesl calledl conditionedl reinforcer)l isl al neutrall eventl thatl hasl becomel associatedl withl al primaryl reinforcerl throughl classicall conditioning.

Q:l describel positivel reinforcement,l negativel reinforcement,l andl punishment,andl inl al givenl situation,l andl providel anl examplel ofl each.

Answer:

Positivel Reinforcement-Addl orl increasel al pleasantl stimulusl

ex:Givingl al studentl al prizel afterl hel getsl anl Al onl al test

Negativel Reinforcementl -Reducel orl subtractl anl unpleasantl stimulusl ex:Takingl painkillersl thatl eliminatel painl increasesl thel likelihoodl thatl youl willl takel painkillersl again

Positivel Punishment-Presentl orl addl anl unpleasantl stimulusl

ex:Givingl al studentl extral homeworkl afterl shel misbehavesl inl class

Negativel Punishment-Reducel orl subtractl al pleasantl stimulusl

ex:Takingl awayl al teen'sl computerl afterl hel missesl curfew

Q:l forl eachl typel ofl reinforcementl schedulel listedl forl al givenl situation,l providel al briefl explanationl andl anl example

Answer: 3 / 4

Fixed-Intervall Behaviorl isl reinforcedl afterl al specificl numberl ofl responsesl

Ex:Peoplel whol getl al monthlyl salary

Variable-Intervall Behaviorl isl reinforcedl afterl anl average,l butl unpredictable,l numberl ofl

responsesl Ex:Personl whol checksl voicel maill forl messages

Fixed-Ratiol Behaviorl isl reinforcedl forl thel firstl responsel afterl al specificl amountl ofl timel hasl passedl Ex:l Factoryl workersl whol arel paidl accordingl tol thel numberl ofl productsl theyl produce

Variable-Ratiol Behaviorl isl reinforcedl forl thel firstl responsel afterl anl average,l butl unpredictable,l amountl ofl timel hasl passedl

Ex:Payoffsl froml slotl machines

Q:l 7.l Whatl isl thel differencel betweenl continuousl reinforcementl andl partiall reinforcementl schedules?

Answer:

Continuousl reinforcementl schedule,l inl whichl thel desiredl responsel isl reinforcedl everyl timel itl occurs;l wheneverl thel dogl sits,l forl instance,l itl getsl al biscuit.l Mostl real-worldl reinforcersl arel notl continuous;l theyl occurl onl al partiall (orl intermittent)l reinforcementl schedule—al schedulel inl whichl thel responsesl arel sometimesl reinforced,l andl sometimesl not.l Inl comparisonl tol continuousl reinforcement,l partiall reinforcementl schedulesl leadl tol slowerl initiall learning,l butl theyl alsol leadl tol greaterl resistancel tol extinction.

Q:l 13.l Howl isl learningl byl insightl differentl froml classicall andl operantl conditioning?

Answer:

Onel typel ofl learningl thatl isl notl determinedl byl classicall conditioningl (learnedl associations)l orl operantl conditioningl (basedl onl trial-and-error)l occursl whenl wel suddenlyl findl thel solutionl tol al problem,l asl ifl thel ideal justl poppedl intol ourl head.l Thisl typel ofl learningl isl knownl asl insight,l thel suddenl understandingl ofl al solutionl tol al problem

Q:l Whatl isl meantl byl latentl learning?

Answer:

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