Answers to What Did You Learn?

Answer Key Chapter 1 Answers to “What Did You Learn?”

• Comparative anatomy
• Anatomy is the study of structure and form. Physiology is the study of how the structures function.
• Cardiovascular
• An anatomist will describe various tissues within the esophagus and their arrangement relative to each other. The physiologist will

focus on how the tissues are involved in, and possibly interact, during the process of swallowing.

• The ability of organisms to respond to stimuli such as changes in either their external or internal environment provides them with a

mechanism for maintaining a constant internal environment, even as the environment around them changes.

6.A higher level of organization does contain all of the levels beneath it. Each level of organization is a function of the arrangement of its subsequent subunits, which are in turn a function of the organization of their subunits. Therefore, each level organization is dependent on the organization of all of the levels below.

• The urinary system is responsible for filtering and removing waste products from the blood.
• A transverse plane, also called a horizontal or cross-sectional plane, would divide the mouth into superior and inferior sections.
• Proximal
• The term antebrachial refers to the forearm, the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and wrist.
• The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity. The serous membranes surrounding them consist of a parietal pleura lining the

inside of the body wall and a visceral pleura lining the individual lungs.

• Epigastric
• A homeostatic system consists of a receptor such as a sensory neuron in the skin or a stretch receptor within a muscle that detects either an internal or external stimulus; a control system that integrates the input from the receptor such as the brain or an endocrine

gland; and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes in response to the stimulus.

• The body may respond to a drop in temperature by decreasing the diameter of blood vessels carrying blood to the surface of the skin, thereby decreasing the amount of heat lost to external environment. Another response involves stimulation of skeletal muscles,

causing “shivering” and thereby generating heat internally.

15.Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the environment near the set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses each increasing in intensity until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis.

• Diabetes, an inability of the body to maintain blood sugar levels, may result in damage to anatomical structures throughout the

body due to high levels of glucose.Answers to “Do You Know the Basics?”

• B Feedback: Surface anatomy correlates superficial markings on the surface of the body and skin to deeper anatomical features.
• C Feedback: Organs are often composed of several tissue types working in concert to perform a common function.
• A Feedback: An organism’s metabolism is the sum of all of its biochemical reactions.

Anatomy & Physiolo gy An Integrative Approach 1e Michael McKinley Valerie O'Loughlin Theresa Bidle (So lutions Manual (Answer Key ) All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) All Chapters Solutions Manual Supplement files do wnload link at the end of this file. 1 / 4

4.C Feedback: A midsagittal or median plane separates the body into equal right and left halves as compared to simply a sagittal section, which separates the body into unequal right and left portions. There can be numerous sagittal planes but only one possible midsagitta l section along the midline of the body.

5.D Feedback: The term proximal is used to describe the position of a structure on an appendage closest to the point of attachment to the trunk. Although in standard anatomical position a structure that is proximal is often also superior, proximal is the correct term for describing the position along an appendage. The term superior may be used to describe positions along the axis of the body, closer t o the head.

6.A Feedback: The patellar region is the anterior portion of the knee. The popliteal region is the posterior portion of the knee.

7.A Feedback: The diaphragm comprises the barrier between the superior thoracic cavity and the inferior abdominal cavity. The pelvi c cavity is located inferior to the superior edges of the pelvic bones.

8.D Feedback: The pleural cavity surrounding the lungs consists of a parietal pleura lining the internal walls of the thoracic cavity and a visceral pleura lining the surface of the lungs.

• B

Feedback: Homeostasis is an automated process for maintaining a constant internal environment.

10.D Feedback: The effector increasing the stimulus is an example of positive feedback. In a negative feedback system, the respons e moves the system in opposition to the stimulus, back toward the set point.

11.Anatomy is the study of structure and form, whereas physiology is the study of how the structures function. It is important to understand the anatomy of a structure in order to understand how it performs its function. Conversely, understanding the function of an anatomical feature helps to put into perspective the significance of its arrangement.

12.The simplest level of organization within an organism is found at the chemical level and is composed of atoms and molecules. At the cellular level of organization, molecules are organized into cells and subcellular components, forming the basic units of life. Groupings of similar cells performing similar functions are referred to as tissues, and groups of tissues may be found working in concert, forming organs at the organ level of organization. Related groups of organs working together in order to coordinate activities within the organism are called organ systems.

13.A hierarchical organization, metabolism, growth and development, responsiveness, regulation, and reproduction are characteristics common to all living organisms. All living things are arranged in a hierarchical manner with increasing levels o f complexity from molecules to cells. They are capable of metabolism, growth and development, and responsiveness to stimuli. They are also able to regulate their internal environment in order to maintain homeostasis, ultimately surviving long enough to reproduce.

• The human body consists of eleven organ systems. They are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine,

cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems.

15.A body in anatomical position is standing upright with the feet flat on the floor. The upper limbs are at the side of the body with palms facing anteriorly. The head is level and the eyes are looking forward.

• The forearm is the antebrachial region, the wrist is the carpal region, the chest is the thoracic region, the armpit is the axillary

region, the thigh is the femoral region, and the entire foot is the pes.

• The cranial cavity and vertebral canal are located within the posterior aspect of the body. The cranial cavity houses the brain and

the vertebral canal contains the spinal cord.© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use.Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 2 / 4

• The serous membranes are found lining the compartments of the ventral cavity of the body. They consist of a parietal layer lining

the inside of the body wall and a visceral layer covering internal organs. In between the two membranes is a potential space, the serous cavity, which contains serous fluid.

• A homeostatic system consists of a receptor that detects an internal or external stimulus, a control system that integrates the input

from the receptor, and an effector such as a muscle or a gland that causes changes in response to the stimulus.

• Negative feedback systems involve responses that are in opposition to the stimulus, thereby maintaining the environment near the

set point or normal level. Conversely, positive feedback systems entail a series of responses, each increasing in intensity until a climax event is reached, at which point the system will return to homeostasis.

Answers to “Can You Apply What You’ve Learned?”

• B

Feedback: The pain is coming from a region below the umbilicus, hence it is in the lower portion of the abdomen and it is located on the right side. It is therefore in the right lower quadrant.

• D

Feedback: The right iliac region is located just medial to the pelvic bones.

• B

Feedback: X-rays are not absorbed by soft tissue such as the appendix. They are usually used to visualize dense structures.

• B

Feedback: Sweat glands release heat at the surface of the skin.

• B

Feedback: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter responsible for regulating both pathways associated with depression in the brain and gastric motility in the stomach. Drugs such as SSRIs are used to treat depression in individuals with low levels of serotonin in the brain by inhibiting its reuptake by neurons. Because the SSRI drugs cannot specifically target the brain, they also have an effect within the digestive system, causing nausea and diarrhea.

Answers to “Can You Synthesize What You’ve Learned?”

• Lynn has broken the bones within her forearm, the radius and ulna. She has an abrasion on her chin as well as bruising on her

buttocks and thigh.

• The epinephrine counteracted the effect of the bee sting, acting in opposition to the stimulus; it was therefore an example of

negative feedback.

• X-rays and CT scans are optimal for visualizing dense tissues such as tumors. An MRI or ultrasound would be better suited for

examining soft tissues.© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use.Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part. 3 / 4

Chapter 2 Answers to “What Did You Learn?”

• The mass of an atom is determined by the combined number of protons and neutrons within its nucleus. The charge is a function of

the ratio of protons to electrons.

• The nucleus of a chlorine atom consists of 17 protons and 17 neutrons. The electrons are arranged into three separate shells; the

first shell closest to the nucleus contains two electrons, the second shell contains eight electrons, and the third outer shell contains seven electrons for a total of 17 electrons.

• Isotopes are atoms of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons. In a radioisotope the extra neutrons will decay and

be released as radiation.

• Elements such as the noble gases have satisfied the octet rule by having a complete outer electron shell and are therefore not

reactive. Other elements may form bonds in order to satisfy the octet rule and fill their outer shells.

• Common cations of the human body include sodium ions (Na

+ ), potassium ions (K + ), calcium ions (Ca 2+ ), magnesium ions (Mg 2+ ), and hydrogen ions (H +

• Common anions include chloride ions (Cl

- ), bicarbonate ions (HCO3 -), and phosphate ions (PO4 3-).

• Hydrogen (H), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl)

• In order to satisfy the octet rule, atoms with only one electron in their outer shell may give up the electron, resulting in a slightly

positive cation with a full outer shell. Conversely, atoms with seven electrons in their outer shell may accept an electron from another atom, becoming a slightly negative anion but with a full outer shell.

• Ionic bonds are formed due to an attraction between ions with different charges; therefore, two positive cations cannot form an

ionic bond with each other, nor can two negatively charged anions.

• The molecular formula exhibits the type and number of atoms in a molecule; the structural formula also provides information on

how the atoms are arranged.

• Isomers are molecules composed of the same type and number of elements, but are arranged differently.

• A covalent bond is formed when atoms share electrons in their outer orbitals in order to satisfy the octet rule.

• Oxygen atoms each contain six electrons in their outer orbitals and each have room for two more. In a double bond they share

two pairs of electrons and thereby each satisfies the octet rule.

• A covalent bond between atoms of the same element will result in an equal distribution of electrons across the molecule since

both atoms are equally electronegative, resulting in a nonpolar molecule. Molecules composed of different atoms result in an unequal distribution of charge across the molecule, where more electronegative atoms have a slightly negative charge and less electronegative atoms are slightly less negative. Since oxygen and hydrogen atoms are nearly equal in terms of electronegativity, atoms of these two different elements can also form nonpolar covalent bonds.

• Both molecular oxygen (O

2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are nonpolar molecules.

• A hydrogen bond is an intermolecular attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and another slightly negative atom.

• Hydrogen bonding is an important factor behind many of the properties of water molecules.

• Surfactant is required to break cohesive attraction between water molecules in the alveoli of the lungs. The high heat of

vaporization of water molecules makes them an effective mechanism for dissipating heat at the surface of the skin.

• Nonelectrolytic molecules such as glucose do not dissociate in water. Electrolytes such as sodium chloride (NaCl) disassociate

into constituent ions in an aqueous environment, forming a solution capable of conducting electricity.

• In an aqueous environment, amphipathic molecules such as phospholipids will orient themselves so that their hydrophobic

domains face each other while the hydrophilic domains are exposed to water. This is the basis behind the arrangement of phospholipids within a phospholipid bilayer.© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use.Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner.This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

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