BIOLl 1108l Examl 1l l Principlesl ofl

BIOLl 1108l Examl 1l –l Principlesl ofl Biologyl IIl (Latestl 2026/l 2027l Update)l Guide|l 100%l Verifiedl Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A

Q:l Biologicall Speciesl Conceptl (BSC)

Answer:

•l Alfredl Russelll Wallacel (1865)l firstl establishedl thel definitionl ofl "species"l andl itl wasl laterl fine-l tunedl by...•l Ernstl Mayrl (1904-2005)l whol saidl "Speciesl arel groupsl ofl actuallyl orl potentiallyl interbreedingl populationsl thatl arel reproductivelyl isolatedl froml otherl suchl groups"

Q:l Morphospeciesl concept

Answer:

Wel insteadl usel al 'rulel ofl thumb'l basedl onl thel generall understandingl thatl mostl individualsl ofl thel samel speciesl lookl alikel (thel morphospeciesl concept)

Q:l Ringl Species:l anl limitationl tol thel BSC

Answer:

Ringl speciesl sharel DNAl indirectlyl throughl intermediatel populationsl wherel interbreedingl occurs.

Q:l Limitationsl ofl thel BSCl andl morphospeciesl concepts

Answer:

•l Difficultl tol applyl inl reall world •l Cannotl bel appliedl tol asexuall orl extinctl organisms 1 / 3

•l Doesl notl accountl forl geneticl exchangel inl ringl speciesl •l Doesl notl accountl forl hybridizationl inl plants

Q:l Ecologicall speciesl conceptl (ESC)

Answer:

Sometimesl thel ecologyl ofl al speciesl shouldl bel whatl definesl itl asl al species.l Ecologicall nichel spacel (howl youl livel inl yourl environment)l isl limited,l thereforel nol twol speciesl canl havel thel samel niche.Inl otherl words,l ifl youl havel thel samel niche,l youl arel thel samel species.

Q:l Evolutionaryl speciesl conceptl (EvSC)

Answer:

Limitedl mostlyl tol usel withl asexuall species.l Thel baselinel timel allowedl isl onlyl 200l millionl years!l Mammals,l birds,l reptiles,l andl manyl otherl animall speciesl havel diversifiedl tremendouslyl sincel thenl sol thisl doesl notl workl welll forl sexuall species.

Q:l Speciationl inl action:l Reproductivel isolation

Answer:

Twol categories

•l Pre-zygoticl (beforel fertilization)l -l Behavioral -l Physical -l Temporall (time) -l Ecologicall (space)

•l Post-zygoticl (afterl fertilization)l -Geneticincompatibilityusuallyleadingtofailurel ofl thel zygotel tol develop selection.-l Sterilel offspringl (geneticl deadl end)

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Q:l Howl dol twol populationsl becomel allopatric?l (howl dol theyl becomel reproductivelyl isolated?)

Answer:

Mostl speciationl isl thoughtl tol happenl allopatrically.

Q:l Vicariance-derivedl speciation:

Answer:

Al changel inl thel physicall environmentl causesl allopatry.

Q:l Peripatricl Speciation:

Answer:

whenl thel newl pop'nl isl smalll andl outsidel thel species'l normall range.

Q:l Adaptivel Radiation:

Answer:

speciationl occursl quicklyl andl al varietyl ofl ecologicallyl distinctl formsl arel generatedl asl thel organismsl adaptl tol locall conditionsl successfully.

Q:l Co-Speciation:

Answer:

whenl organismsl speciatel inl responsel tol eachl other...onel changesl al bitl andl thel otherl onel changesl inl responsel tol thel first.

Q:l Sympatricl speciation:

Answer:

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