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SOLUTIONS
MANUAL
JAMES LAPP
BIOSTATISTICS
FOR THE BIOLOGICAL
AND HEALTH SCIENCES
SECOND EDITION
Marc Triola Mario F. Triola Jason Roy 1 / 4
CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Introduction To Statistics
Section 1-1: Statistical and Critical Thinking............................................................................1 Section 1-2: Types of Data ........................................................................................................2 Section 1-3: Collecting Sample Data.........................................................................................3 Chapter Quick Quiz ...................................................................................................................5 Review Exercises.......................................................................................................................5 Cumulative Review Exercises ...................................................................................................6
Chapter 2: Exploring Data with Tables and Graphs
Section 2-1: Frequency Distributions for Organizing and Summarizing Data..........................7 Section 2-2: Histograms...........................................................................................................12 Section 2-3: Graphs That Enlighten and Graphs That Deceive...............................................14 Section 2-4: Scatterplots, Correlation, and Regression ...........................................................17 Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................18 Review Exercises.....................................................................................................................18 Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................20
Chapter 3: Describing, Exploring, and Comparing Data
Section 3-1: Measures of Center..............................................................................................23 Section 3-2: Measures of Variation .........................................................................................27 Section 3-3: Measures of Relative Standing and Boxplots......................................................31 Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................34 Review Exercises.....................................................................................................................35 Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................35
Chapter 4: Probability
Section 4-1: Basic Concepts of Probability .............................................................................37 Section 4-2: Addition Rule and Multiplication Rule...............................................................38 Section 4-3: Complements, Conditional Probability, and Bayes’ Theorem............................41 Section 4-4: Risks and Odds....................................................................................................42 Section 4-5: Rates of Mortality, Fertility, and Morbidity........................................................44 Section 4-6: Counting ..............................................................................................................46 Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................48 Review Exercises.....................................................................................................................48 Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................49
Chapter 5: Discrete Probability Distributions
Section 5-1: Probability Distributions .....................................................................................51 Section 5-2: Binomial Probability Distributions......................................................................52 Section 5-3: Poisson Probability Distributions........................................................................55 Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................57 Review Exercises.....................................................................................................................58 Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................59 2 / 4
Chapter 6: Normal Probability Distributions
Section 6-1: The Standard Normal Distribution......................................................................61 Section 6-2: Real Applications of Normal Distributions.........................................................62 Section 6-3: Sampling Distributions and Estimators...............................................................65 Section 6-4: The Central Limit Theorem.................................................................................69 Section 6-5: Assessing Normality............................................................................................72 Section 6-6: Normal as Approximation to Binomial...............................................................75 Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................77 Review Exercises.....................................................................................................................77 Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................79
Chapter 7: Estimating Parameters and Determining Sample Sizes
Section 7-1: Estimating a Population Proportion.....................................................................81 Section 7-2: Estimating a Population Mean.............................................................................85 Section 7-3: Estimating a Population Standard Deviation or Variance...................................89 Section 7-4: Bootstrapping: Using Technology for Estimates ................................................92 Chapter Quick Quiz .................................................................................................................94 Review Exercises.....................................................................................................................94 Cumulative Review Exercises .................................................................................................96
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing
Section 8-1: Basics of Hypothesis Testing ..............................................................................97 Section 8-2: Testing a Claim About a Proportion....................................................................99 Section 8-3: Testing a Claim About a Mean..........................................................................104 Section 8-4: Testing a Claim About a Standard Deviation or Variance................................108 Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................110 Review Exercises...................................................................................................................111 Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................112 Chapter 9: Chapter 9: Inferences from Two Samples Section 9-1: Two Proportions................................................................................................115 Section 9-2: Two Means: Independent Samples....................................................................124 Section 9-3: Two Dependent Samples (Matched Pairs) ........................................................130 Section 9-4: Two Variances or Standard Deviations.............................................................134 Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................136 Review Exercises...................................................................................................................137 Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................138
Chapter 10: Correlation and Regression
Section 10-1: Correlation.......................................................................................................141 Section 10-2: Regression .......................................................................................................148 Section 10-3: Prediction Intervals and Variation...................................................................156 Section 10-4: Multiple Regression.........................................................................................159 Section 10-5: Dummy Variables and Logistic Regression....................................................161 Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................162 Review Exercises...................................................................................................................162 Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................164 3 / 4
Chapter 11: Goodness-of-Fit and Contingency Tables
Section 11-1: Goodness-of-Fit...............................................................................................167 Section 11-2: Contingency Tables.........................................................................................170 Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................174 Review Exercises...................................................................................................................175 Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................176
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance
Section 12-1: One-Way ANOVA..........................................................................................177 Section 12-2: Two-Way ANOVA .........................................................................................178 Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................179 Review Exercises...................................................................................................................180 Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................180
Chapter 13: Nonparametric Tests
Section 13-2: Sign Test..........................................................................................................183 Section 13-3: Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs ............................................184 Section 13-4: Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Two Independent samples...............................185 Section 13-5: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Three or More Samples ............................................188 Section 13-6: Rank Correlation .............................................................................................190 Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................191 Review Exercises...................................................................................................................192 Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................192
Chapter 14: Survival Analysis
Section 14-1: Life Tables.......................................................................................................195 Section 14-2: Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis.....................................................................197 Chapter Quick Quiz ...............................................................................................................198 Review Exercises...................................................................................................................199 Cumulative Review Exercises ...............................................................................................200
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