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Fundamentals of Taxa�on 2024 Edi�on 17e Ana Cruz, Michael Deschamps, Frederick Niswander, Debra Prendergast, Dan Schisler (Solu�ons Manual All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) All Chapters/Supplement files download link at the end of this file. 1 / 4
Solutions Manual © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
CHAPTER 1 – SOLUTIONS
END OF CHAPTER MATERIAL
Discussion Questions
- (Introduction) Give a brief history of the income tax in the United States.
Answer:
The first federal income tax was enacted in 1861 to help finance the Civil War and was discarded soon thereafter. In 1894, another income tax was promulgated by Congress to raise additional tax revenue and to expand the sources of revenue. In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal income tax was unconstitutional. In 1913, the sixteenth Amendment to the U.S.Constitution was enacted. This amendment gave Congress the power to levy and collect taxes. In 2021, the federal government collected about $1.75 trillion in individual income taxes.
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Learning Objective: 01-01
Topic: Tax Rate Structures
Difficulty: 1 Easy
EA: No
- (Introduction) For tax year 2021, what proportion of individual income tax returns was
electronically filed?
Answer:
In 2021, electronically filed tax returns were about 90% of total returns.
Feedback: Calculated from Table 1-1
Learning Objective: 01-01
Topic: Tax Rate Structures
Difficulty: 2 Medium
EA: No
- Name the three types of tax rate structures and give an example of each.
Answer:
Progressive — U.S. federal income tax Proportional — “flat-tax” usually levied on property or sales at the state or local level Regressive — Social security tax
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Learning Objective: 01-01 2 / 4
Solutions Manual © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Topic: Tax Rate Structures
Difficulty: 1 Easy
EA: No
- What is a progressive tax? Why do you think the government believes it is a more
equitable tax than, say, a regressive tax or proportional tax?
Answer:
A progressive rate structure is a structure where the tax rate increases as the tax base increases. The progressive rate structure is viewed as more equitable because the amount of tax paid varies with the ability to pay. For example, the government believes that as an individual makes more income, a smaller percentage of that income is needed to buy necessary living supplies and thus more income is available to pay taxes.
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Learning Objective: 01-01
Topic: Tax Rate Structures
Difficulty: 2 Medium
EA: No
- What type of tax is a sales tax? Explain your answer.
Answer:
The sales tax is a proportional tax. A proportional tax is a tax where the tax rate remains the same regardless of the tax base. Most county or state sales tax rates are the same regardless of the amount of sales upon which the tax is levied. With a proportional tax, the marginal tax rate and average tax rate are always the same.
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Learning Objective: 01-01
Topic: Tax Rate Structures
Difficulty: 1 Easy
EA: No
- What is the definition of tax base, and how does it affect the amount of tax levied?
Answer:
The tax base is the dollar amount upon which the tax rate is applied in order to determine the actual tax. Income, dollar sales, and property value are the more common tax bases in the United States.
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Learning Objective: 01-01
Topic: Tax Rate Structures 3 / 4
Solutions Manual © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Difficulty: 1 Easy
EA: No
- What type of tax rate structure is the U.S. federal income tax? Explain your answer.
Answer:
The federal income tax is a progressive tax. As the tax base increases, the rate of tax increases. Tax rates range from a low of 10% to a high of 37%.
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Learning Objective: 01-01
Topic: Tax Rate Structures
Difficulty: 1 Easy
EA: No
- A change to a 17% flat tax could cause a considerable increase in many taxpayers’
taxes and a considerable decrease in the case of others. Explain this statement in light of the statistics in Table 1-3.
Answer:
Those with taxable income above $200,000 have average tax rates greater than 17%, those with taxable income below $200,000 have average tax rates less than 17%. Thus, on average, if a 17% flat tax were enacted, those with taxable income under $200,000 would see their tax liability go up and those with taxable income over $200,000 would have lower tax liability.
Feedback: Based on the average tax rates in Table 1-3
Learning Objective: 01-01
Topic: Tax Rate Structures
Difficulty: 2 Medium
EA: No
- Explain what is meant by regressive tax. Why is the social security tax considered a
regressive tax?
Answer:
A regressive tax rate is one where the tax rate decreases as the tax base gets larger. The social security tax is assessed on the first $160,200 of wages (in 2023). Thus, the social security tax rate is 6.2% (12.4% if self-employed) on the first $160,200 of wages and 0% on wages above $160,200.
Feedback:
Learning Objective: 01-01
Topic: Tax Rate Structures
Difficulty: 1 Easy
EA: No
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