NCLEX THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW

NCLEX THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW

Leave the first rating Students also studied Terms in this set (339) Save 75 Free NCLEX Questions - c/o Brilli...75 terms carey47Preview NCLEX-RN Exam Preview 113 terms lalaitsdestinee Preview Random things to know for NCLEX 26 terms cassityclayPreview RN NC Teacher sup Chest x-ray (CXR)Noninvasive, painless exam Computed tomography (CT)Noninvasive, painless process Produces two-dimensional images of organs, bones and tissues Takes about 20 minutes Occasionally a contrast dye is used Although very little radiation is used, pregnant women should avoid the test Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Used for imaging muscles, ligaments, and tendons (soft tissues) Client may feel claustrophobic inside MRI unit Client must remove all metal prior to test; cannot be used on client with metal implants Nuclear lung scanningUseful in diagnosis of conditions such as pulmonary embolus, lung infection or inflammation Uses minute amounts of short-lived radioactive materials to depict flow of air and blood in lungs

May be done in two stages:

1) lung perfusion scan 2) lung ventilation scan Positron emission tomography (PET)Used when cancer is suspected This radiographic imaging technique differentiates metabolic rate differences in malignant and benign tissues Pulmonary artery angiographyUsed to detect narrowing, blockages, vessel malformation A radiopaque dye is injected into the pulmonary artery and conventional x-rays are used to view the dye in the lungs

UltrasoundPart of the body is exposed to high-frequency sound waves to produce pictures of inside the body Conventional ultrasound displays images in thin, flat sections; 3-D formats are now available Doppler ultrasound evaluates blood velocity as it flows through a blood vessel A clear water-based gel is applied to the area of the body being studied to help the transducer make secure contact with the body and eliminate air pockets between the transducer and the skin Client may need to be NPO 12 hours before the exam Acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear and cultureUsed to identify causative agent for tuberculosis and monitor the effectiveness of treatment Usually three sputum samples are collected, early in the morning Client can rinse mouth with plain water (no mouthwash) The difference between sputum and spit should be emphasized Collected on three different days BronchoscopyDirect visual examination of the larynx and airways using a bronchoscope Usually used to investigate source of bleeding in the lungs Is also used to treat certain conditions, i.e., remove secretions, blood, pus and foreign bodies; to place drugs in specific areas of the lung Client should be NPO at least 4 hours before the procedure Usually a sedative is given as well as a local anesthetic Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)Measure the lungs' capacity to hold air, move air in and out, to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide

Includes:

1) lung volume and flow rate measurements 2) flow volume testing 3) muscle strength assessment 4) diffusing capacity measurement 5) maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) ThoracentesisFluid from pleural space is removed for diagnostic testing or to relieve shortness of breath

Procedure:

1) client sits and leans forward 2) local anesthetic is used prior to needle insertion 3) client may feel some pain as the lung fills with air and expands against the chest wall, the need to cough, light-headed and short of breath Post-procedure CXR may be ordered if complications are suspected Mantoux test (purified protein derivative standard [PPD] or tuberculin skin test ) Used to determine exposure to and infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Intradermal injection of a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) solution Readings of a reaction, if any, is done 48 to 72 hours after the injection A positive result is when the injection site is red and swollen Positive results may occur in individuals who have received a BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin) vaccination

Radioallergosorbent test (RAST): allergy skin test Used to identify measurable allergen-specific antibodies, e.g., IgE Tests for reaction to certain respiratory and food allergy stimulants Blood test - no special prep is needed CastsUrinary casts are tiny tube-shaped particles composed of white blood cells, red blood cells, or kidney cells No special prep is needed for a clean-catch (midstream) urine specimen Culture and sensitivityUsed to diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) No special prep is needed for a clean-catch (midstream) urine specimen UrinalysisA physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine No special prep is needed for a clean-catch (midstream) urine specimen

Arterial blood gases (ABG)Includes:

1) partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) 2) partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) 3) pH 4) bicarbonate (HCO3) 5) oxygen saturation (O2 sat or SpO2) 6) blood for ABGs must be placed in ice and sent immediately to the lab after drawing Blood cultures no test prep is needed Blood culturesNo test prep is needed Usually 2 to 3 blood samples are collected at timed intervals and/or from different veins; blood is placed in culture bottles to grow both aerobic and anaerobic specimens to Determine causative agent and potential treatment Complete blood countTypically there are no specific pre-testing restrictions, although the client should avoid eating a fatty meal prior to the test

The standard CBC includes:

1) number of red blood cells (RBCs) 2) number of white blood cells (WBCs) 3) total amount of hemoglobin (Hgb) 4) hematocrit (fraction of the blood composed of red blood cells) 5) platelet count 6) mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which is the size of red blood cells

(Serum) electrolytesIncludes: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate

Blood draw - typically no special prep Frequently ordered as part of routine physical, by itself or as a component of a basic metabolic panel or comprehensive panel ImmunoglobulinsAntibody testing

Includes:

1) immunoglobulin G (IgG) 2) immunoglobulin M (IgM)

PEDIATRICS: URIa.

etiology: often acute viral nasopharyngitis, or the "common cold"

b.pathophysiology i.organism invades mucous membranes ii.edema, vasodilation and increased mucus production iii.usually self-limiting c.

findings: nasal congestion, sneezing, colored nasal discharge, low grade fever,

cough, irritability d.management i.

medications: antipyretics, decongestants (oral or nasal), analgesics

ii.cool mist humidifier iii.adequate fluids iv.rest v.assess for conditions indicating complications presence of earache (otitis media) temperature over 101 F (38.3 C) refusing to eat e.nursing interventions i.with infants, suction nares routinely with bulb syringe (infants are nasal breathers) ii.reinforce the need for good hand washing iii.stress the importance of maintaining fluid balance

TONSILITIS: ETIOLOGY AND PATHOa.

etiology: bacterial, viral (in association with pharyngitis)

b.

pathophysiology:

i.dysphagia and difficulty breathing due to infection and inflammation of the tonsils ii.palatine tonsils usually visible during oral exam iii.pharyngeal tonsils are also known as the adenoids