Pathophysiology practicing for NCLEX exam 1

Pathophysiology practicing for NCLEX exam 1

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QUIZ 1

74 terms cdu A.There are two forms of endoplasmic reticulum found in a cell. They are the rough and the smooth ER. What does the rough ER do in a cell?

• produces proteins
• Combines protein with other components of the cytoplasm
• exports protein from the cell
• destroys ribosomes

b.The golgi complex, or Golgi bodies, consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs within the cell. These Golgi bodies are found near the nucleus and function in association with the ER. What is one purpose of the Golgi complex?

• produce bile
• receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde

transport mechanism

• produce excretory granules
• produce small carbohydrate molecules

c.In Tay-Sachs disease, an autosomal recessive disorder, hexosaminidase A, which is the lysosomal enzyme needed for degrading the GM2 ganglioside found in nerve cell membranes, is deficient. Although GM2 ganglioside accumulates in many tissues where does it does it do the most harm?

• brain and retinas
• retinas and heart
• nervous system and retinas
• nervous system and brain

d.The mitochondria are literally the "poor plants" of the cell because they transform organic compounds into energy that is easily accessible to the cell. What do the mitochondria do?

• make energy
• form proteasomes
• need DNA from other sources to replicate
• produce ATP from carbon sources

a.The cell membrane is also called what?

• plasma membrane

b.nuclear membranes

• receptor membrane
• bilayer membrane

b.Some messengers , such as thyroid hormone and steroid hormones, do not bind to membrane receptors but move directly across the lipid layer of the cell membrane and are carried to the cell nucleus. What do they do at the cell nucleus?

• Transiently open or close ion channels
• influence DNA activity
• stabilize cell function
• decrease transcription of mRNA

c.The Krebs cycle provides a common pathway for the metabolism of nutrients by the body. The Krebs cycle forms two pyruvate molecules. Each of the two pyruvate molecules formed in the cytoplasm from one molecule of glucose yields anther molecule of what?

• FAD
• NADH + H+
• ATP
• H2O

d.When cells use energy to move ions agains an electrical or chemical gradient, the process is called what?

• passive transport
• neutral transport
• cotransport
• active transport

a.Groups of cells that are closely associated instructor and have common or similar functions are call tissues. What are the types of tissue in the human body?

• connective and muscle tissue
• binding and connecting tissue
• nerve and exothelium tissue
• endothelium and muscle tissue

b.Endocrine glands are epithelial structures that have had their connection with the surface obliterated during development. How are these glands describes

• ductile and produce secretions

b.ductless and produce secretions

• ductile and release their glandular products by exocytosis
• ductless and release their glandular products by exocytosis

c.Each skeletal muscle is a discrete organ made up of hundreds or thousands of muscle fibers. Although muscle fibers predominate, substantial amounts of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers are also present. What happens during muscle contraction

• When activated by GTP, the crossbridges swivel in a fixed arc, much like the

orgs of a boat, as they become attached to the actin filament

• During contraction, each cross bridge undergoes its own cycle of movement

forming a bridge attachment and releasing it; the same sequence of movement repeats itself when the cross bride reattaches to the same cell

• The thick myosin and thin actin filaments slide over each other, causing

shortening of the muscle fiber

• Calcium- Calmodulin complexes produce the sliding of the filaments that form

cross-bridges wit the thin actin filaments a, b, cWhat are the three main parts of a typical cell? (select all that apply)

• nucleus
• cell membrane
• cytoplasm
• vacuole
• cell wall

a, c, dCells in multicellular organism need to communicate with one another to coordinate their function and control their growth. The human body has several means of transmitting information between cells; what are they? (select all that apply.)

• direct communication between adjacent cells
• express communication between cells
• autocrine and paracrine signaling
• endocrine or synaptic signaling

b, c, dthe human body has non dividing cells that have left the cell cycle and are not capable of mitotic division once an infant is born. What are the nondividing cells?(select all that apply.)

• mucous cells
• neurons
• skeletal muscle cells
• cardiac muscle cells

bSmooth muscle contractions are typically characterized as:

• voluntary
• involuntary
• somatic
• motor based

aMany molecular mechanisms mediate cellular adaptation. Some are factors produced by other cells and some by the cells themselves. These mechanisms depend largely on signals transmitted by chemical messengers that exert their effects by altering the function of a gene. Many adaptive cellular responses alter the expression of "differentiation" genes. What can cells do because of this?

• A cell is able to change size or form without compromising its normal function
• A cell incorporates its change in function and passes this change on to other

cells like it

• A cell is able to pass its change on to a "housekeeping" cell
• A cell dies once the stimulus to change has been removed

bHypertrophy may occur as the result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions. The increase in muscle mass associated with exercise is an example of physiologic hypertrophy. Pathologic hypertrophy occurs as the result of disease conditions and may be adaptive or compensatory. Examples of adaptive hypertrophy are the thickening of the urinary bladder from long- continued obstruction of urinary outflow and the myocardial hypertrophy that results from valvular hear disease or hypertension. What is compensatory hypertrophy?

• when the body increase its major organs during times of malnutrition
• when one kidney is removed, the remaining kidney enlarges to compensate for

the loss

• When the body controls myocardial growth by stimulating actin expression to

enlarge the heart

• When the body stimulates gene expression to begin a progressive decrease in

left ventricular muscle mass cMetastatic calcification takes place in normal tissues as the result of increased serum calcium levels (hypercalcemia). Anything that increases the serum calcium level can lead to calcification in inappropriate places such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels. What are the major causes of hypercalcemia?

• Diabetes mellitus and page disease
• Hypoparathyroidism and vitamin D intoxication
• hyperparathyroidism and immobilization
• immobilization and hypoparathyroidism

dMercury is a toxic substance, and the hazards of mercury-associated occupational and accidental exposures are well known. What is the primary source of mercury poisoning today?

• Amalgam fillings in the teeth
• Mercury from thermometers and blood pressure machines
• Mercury found in paint that was made before 1990
• Fish such as tuna and swordfish

aSmall amounts of lead accumulate to reach toxic levels in the human body. Lead is found a major concern in the pediatric population. What would the nurse teach the parents of a child who is being tested for lead poisoning?

• keep your child away from peeling paint
• keep your child away from anything ceramic
• Do not let your child read newspapers
• Do not let your child tour a mine on a school field trip