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Q:l Atl whichl ofl thel followingl levelsl doesl regulationl ofl genel expressionl occur?l Selectl alll thatl apply.
Answer:
Protein,l RNA,l DNA
Q:l Whichl ofl thel followingl signalingl typesl isl involvedl inl long-term,l regulatoryl mechanismsl includingl growthl andl sexuall development?
Answer:
Endocrinel signaling
Q:l Whichl ofl thel followingl signalingl typesl is/arel al forml ofl locall signaling?l (Selectl alll thatl apply)
Answer:
Synapticl signaling,l Paracrinel signaling
Q:l Whatl isl thel namel ofl thel ligandsl (signalingl molecules)l usedl inl thel endocrinel system?
BIOLl 102/l BIOL102l Finall Exam:l (Latestl
2026/l 2027l Update)l Essentiall Biologyl IIl W/Labl |l 100%l Verifiedl Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A 1 / 4
Answer:
hormones
Q:l Whatl arel thel TWOl majorl classesl ofl hormones?l Providel anl examplel ofl each.
Answer:
hydrophilicl (waterl soluble)l -l peptides,l aminel hormones
hydrophobicl (lipidl soluble)l -l steroids,l amines
Q:l Neurotransmittersl canl bel categorizedl intol TWOl mainl categoriesl basedl uponl theirl function.l Namel thesel categoriesl andl describel theirl mechanisml ofl action.
Answer:
Excitatoryl -l causesl al decreasel inl electricall thresholdl (increasingl electricall excitability)l inl postl synapticl cells.l [encouragesl actionl potentialsl tol occur]
Inhibitoryl -l increasesl electricall thresholdl (decreasingl electricall excitability)l inl postl synapticl cells.l [discouragesl actionl potentials]
Q:l Describel thel differencel betweenl endocrinel andl exocrinel glands.
Answer:
Endocrine-l ductlessl structuresl thatl secretel hormonel productl directlyl intol thel surroundingl extracellularl fluidl orl bloodstream.
Exocrine-l secretel productsl intol al ductl systeml ratherl thanl intol bloodstream.
Q:l Thel adrenall glandsl arel responsiblel forl secretingl whichl ofl thel followingl hormones?a.l Epinephrinel 2 / 4
b.l PTHl c.l T3l d.l Melatonin
Answer:
a
Q:l Thel pineall glandl isl responsiblel forl secretingl whichl ofl thel followingl hormones?a.l Epinephrine b.l PTH c.l T3 d.l Melatonin
Answer:
d
Q:l Thel hypothalamusl actsl tol promotel orl inhibitl thel releasel ofl hormonesl froml whichl endocrinel gland?
Answer:
pituitaryl gland
Q:l Comparel andl contrastl negativel andl positivel feedbackl loops.
Answer:
Negativel isl al regulatoryl mechanisml thatl resultsl inl al decreasel inl thel initiall stimulus.
Positivel isl al regulatoryl mechanisml thatl resultsl inl anl increasel inl thel initiall stimulus.
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Q:l Explainl thel differencel betweenl tropicl andl non-tropicl effects.
Answer:
Tropicl -l signalsl froml thel hypothalamusl arel redirectedl tol specificl endocrinel glandsl thenl releasel otherl hormonesl thatl targetl specificl cells.
Non-tropicl -l anteriorl pituitaryl releasesl hormonel whichl causesl al directl responsel tol thel targetl tissue.
Q:l Explainl thel pathophysiologyl (abnormall physiology)l associatedl withl Grave'sl Disease.
Answer:
Gravesl diseasel isl anl auto-immunel thatl resultsl froml anl over-secretionl ofl thyroidl hormones.antibodiesl bindl tol cellsl ofl thel thyroidl glandl whichl causesl anl over-releasel ofl thyroidl hormone.l Thyroidl hormonel travelsl tol thel hypothalamusl andl pituitaryl andl blocksl inhibitoryl hormonel releasel (TSH,l TRH).l Thisl causesl thyroidl hormonel tol continuel beingl releasedl froml thel thyroid.
Q:l Cortisoll utilizesl whichl ofl thel followingl signalingl typesl tol achievel itsl effectl withinl thel body?l (Selectl alll thatl apply)
Answer:
Endocrine
Q:l Negativel feedbackl isl al regulatoryl mechanisml thatl resultsl inl al decreasel inl function.l Anl initiall stimulusl setsl offl al signalingl cascadel inl anl endocrinel cell,l whichl thenl ________l hormonel production,l whichl isl thenl circulatedl inl thel bodyl untill itl reachesl itsl targetl cell.l Thel hormonel actingl onl thel targetl celll thenl producesl al responsel thatl causesl al _______l inl thel initiall stimulil whichl startedl thel entirel process.
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