Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN

Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-RN Examination - Growth and Development Across the Life Span Leave the first rating Students also studied Terms in this set (34) Social SciencesPsychology Developmental Psychology Save Saunders NCLEX_Developmental 71 terms MaroonRNPreview Piaget's cognitive development stag...10 terms PollyCxPreview Saunders review questions Growth a...16 terms vegalisaPreview Growth 69 terms r279 The clinic nurse is preparing to explain the concepts of Kohlberg's theory of moral development with a parent.The nurse would plan to tell the parent that which factor motivates good and bad actions for the child at the preconventional level?

• Peer pressure
• Social pressure
• Parents' behavior
• Punishment and reward
• Punishment and reward

Rationale:

In the preconventional stage, morals are thought to be motivated by punishment and reward. If the child is obedient and is not punished, then the child is being moral. The child sees actions as good or bad. If the child's actions are good, the child is praised. If the child's actions are bad, the child is punished. Options 1, 2, and 3 are not associated factors for this stage of moral development.The nurse is preparing to provide instructions to new parents regarding the psychosocial development of the newborn infant. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the nurse would instruct the parents to take which measure?

• Allow the newborn infant to signal a need.
• Anticipate all needs of the newborn infant.
• Attend to the newborn infant immediately when crying.
• Avoid the newborn infant during the first 10 minutes of

crying.

• Allow the newborn infant to signal a need.

Rationale:

According to Erikson, the caregiver should not try to anticipate the newborn infant's needs at all times but needs to allow the newborn infant to signal needs. If a newborn infant is not allowed to signal a need, the newborn will not learn how to control the environment. Erikson believed that a delayed or prolonged response to a newborn infant's signal would inhibit the development of trust and lead to mistrust of others.

The nurse notes that a 6-year-old child does not recognize that objects exist when the objects are outside of the visual field. Based on this observation, which action would the nurse take?

• Report the observation to the pediatrician.
• Move the objects in the child's direct field of vision.
• Teach the child how to visually scan the environment.
• Provide additional lighting for the child during play

activities.

• Report the observation to the pediatrician.

Rationale:

According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, it is normal for the infant or toddler not to recognize that objects continue to be in existence if out of the visual field; however, this is abnormal for the 6-year-old. If a 6-year-old child does not recognize that objects still exist even when outside the visual field, the child is not progressing normally through the developmental stages. The nurse would report this finding to the pediatrician so that both medical and psychosocial follow-up can be initiated. Options 2, 3, and 4 delay necessary follow-up and treatment.A nursing student is preparing to present a clinical conference to peers regarding Freud's psychosexual stages of development, specifically the anal stage. The student would plan to explain to the group that which characteristic relates to the anal stage?

• This stage is associated with toilet training.
• This stage is characterized by oral gratification.
• This stage is characterized by repression of sexuality.
• This stage is associated with identification with the

same-sex parent.

• This stage is associated with toilet training.

Rationale:

In general, toilet training occurs during the anal stage. According to Freud, the child gains pleasure from the elimination of feces and from their retention. Option

• relates to the oral stage. Option 3 relates to the latency period. Option 4 relates

to the phallic stage.The nurse is preparing to describe Piaget's cognitive developmental theory to pediatric nursing staff. The nurse would plan to tell the staff that which child behavior is characteristic of the formal operations stage?

• The child's basic abilities to think abstractly and

problem-solve are similar to an adult's.

• The child learns to think in a concrete fashion and

expects others to view the world in the same way.

• The child begins to understand the environment and

conceptualize objects that are no longer visible.

• The child is able to classify, order, and sort facts and is

able to see a variety of solutions to a problem.

• The child's basic abilities to think abstractly and problem-solve are similar to an

adult's.

Rationale:

In the formal operations stage, the child's basic abilities to think abstractly and problem-solve are similar to an adult's. Option 2 identifies the preoperational stage; the child learns to think in a concrete fashion and expects others to view the world in the same way, called egocentric thinking. Option 3 identifies the sensorimotor stage; object permanence is achieved around 9 months of age and the child can conceptualize objects that are no longer visible. Option 4 identifies the concrete operational stage; the child is able to see another's point of view and is able to classify, order, and sort facts and see a variety of solutions to a problem.The parent of an 8-year-old child tells the clinic nurse of a concern that the child seems to be more attentive to friends than anything else. Using Erikson's psychosocial development theory, the nurse would plan to make which response?

• "You need to be concerned."
• "You need to monitor the child's behavior closely."
• "At this age, children are developing their own

personalities."

• "You need to provide more praise to the child to stop

this behavior."

• "At this age, children are developing their own personalities."

Rationale:

According to Erikson, during school-age years (6 to 12 years of age), the child begins to move toward peers and friends and away from the parents for support.The child also begins to develop special interests that reflect their own developing personality instead of the parents'. Therefore, options 1, 2, and 4 are incorrect responses.

The nurse educator is preparing to conduct a teaching session about school-age children regarding the theories of growth and development and plans to discuss Kohlberg's theory of moral development. What information would the nurse include in the session?Select all that apply.

1.Individuals move through all six stages in a sequential fashion.

2.Moral development progresses in relationship to cognitive development.

3.A person's ability to make moral judgments develops over a period of time.

4.The theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals determine a moral code to guide their behavior.

5.In stage 1 (punishment-obedience orientation), children are expected to reason as mature members of society.

6.In stage 2 (instrumental-relativist orientation), the child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or have favors returned.

2.Moral development progresses in relationship to cognitive development.

3.A person's ability to make moral judgments develops over a period of time.

4.The theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals 6.In stage 2 (instrumental-relativist orientation), the child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or have favors returned.

Rationale:

Kohlberg's theory states that individuals move through stages of development in a sequential fashion but that not everyone reaches stages 5 and 6 in their development of personal morality. The theory provides a framework for understanding how individuals determine a moral code to guide their behavior. It states that moral development progresses in relationship to cognitive development and that a person's ability to make moral judgments develops over a period of time. In stage 1, ages 2 to 3 years (punishment-obedience orientation), children cannot reason as mature members of society. In stage 2, ages 4 to 7 years (instrumental-relativist orientation), the child conforms to rules to obtain rewards or have favors returned.A 4-year-old child diagnosed with leukemia is hospitalized for chemotherapy. The child is fearful of the hospitalization. Which nursing intervention would be implemented to alleviate the child's fears?

• Encourage the child's parents to stay with the child.
• Encourage play with other children of the same age.
• Advise the family to visit only during the scheduled

visiting hours.

• Provide a private room, allowing the child to bring

favorite toys from home.

• Encourage the child's parents to stay with the child.

Rationale:

Although the preschooler already may be spending some time away from parents at a day care center or preschool, illness adds a stressor that makes separation more difficult. The child may ask repeatedly when parents will be coming for a visit or may constantly want to call the parents. Options 3 and 4 increase stress related to separation anxiety. Option 2 is unrelated to the subject of the question; in addition, it may be inappropriate for a child who may be immunocompromised and at risk for infection.A 16-year-old client is admitted to the hospital for acute appendicitis, and an appendectomy is performed. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate to facilitate normal growth and development postoperatively?

• Encourage the client to rest and read.
• Encourage the parents to room in with the client.
• Allow the family to bring in the client's favorite

computer games.

• Allow the client to interact with others in their same

age group.

• Allow the client to interact with others in their same age group.

Rationale:

Adolescents often are not sure whether they want their parents with them when they are hospitalized. Because of the importance of their peer group, separation from friends is a source of anxiety. Ideally, the members of the peer group will support their ill friend. Options 1, 2, and 3 isolate the client from the peer group.

Which car safety device should be used for a child who is

• years old and 4 feet tall?
• Seat belt
• Booster seat
• Rear-facing convertible seat
• Front-facing convertible seat
• Booster seat

Rationale:

All children whose weight or height is above the forward-facing limit for their car safety seat should use a belt-positioning booster seat until the vehicle seat belt fits properly, typically when they have reached 4 feet, 9 inches in height (145 cm) and are between 8 and 12 years of age. Infants should ride in a car in a semireclined, rear-facing position in an infant-only seat or a convertible seat until they weigh at least 20 pounds (9 kg) and are at least 1 year of age. The transition point for switching to the forward-facing position is defined by the manufacturer of the convertible car safety seat but is generally at a body weight of 9 kilograms (20 pounds) and 1 year of age.The nurse assesses the vital signs of a 12-month-old infant with a respiratory infection and notes that the respiratory rate is 35 breaths per minute. On the basis of this finding, which action is most appropriate?

• Administer oxygen.
• Document the findings.
• Notify the pediatrician.
• Reassess the respiratory rate in 15 minutes.
• Document the findings.

Rationale:

The normal respiratory rate in a 12-month-old infant is 20 to 40 breaths per minute.The normal apical heart rate is 90 to 130 beats per minute, and the average blood pressure is 90/56 mm Hg. The nurse would document the findings.The nurse is monitoring a 3-month-old infant for signs of increased intracranial pressure. On palpation of the fontanels, the nurse notes that the anterior fontanel is soft and flat. On the basis of this finding, which nursing action is most appropriate?

• Increase oral fluids.
• Document the finding.
• Notify the pediatrician.
• Elevate the head of the bed to 90 degrees.
• Document the finding.

Rationale:

The anterior fontanel is diamond-shaped and located on the top of the head. The fontanel should be soft and flat in a normal infant, and it normally closes by 12 to 18 months of age. The nurse would document the finding because it is normal.There is no useful reason to increase oral fluids, notify the pediatrician, or elevate the head of the bed to 90 degrees.The nurse is evaluating the developmental level of a 2- year-old. Which does the nurse expect to observe in this child?

• Uses a fork to eat
• Uses a cup to drink
• Pours own milk into a cup
• Uses a knife for cutting food
• Uses a cup to drink

Rationale:

By age 2 years, the child can use a cup and spoon correctly but with some spilling. By age 3 to 4 years, the child begins to use a fork. By the end of the preschool period, the child should be able to pour milk into a cup and begin to use a knife for cutting.