Test Bank: Final Term

Test Bank: Final Term

Multiple Choice

• Which type of studies are preferable when little is known about the disease because they allow the

investigators to evaluate more than one hypothesis?

• Cohort studies
• Ecological studies
• Case-control studies
• Cross-sectional studies

Ans: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: When Is It Desirable to Use the Case-Control Method?

Subject: Chapter 9

Title: Case-Control Studies

2.Which of the following depends on the rate at which new cases develop as well as the duration that the cases have the disease?

• Incidence
• Prevalence
• Morbidity
• Mortality

Ans: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Selection of Cases

Subject: Chapter 9

Title: Case-Control Studies

• The most difficult aspect of using which type of controls is determining which diseases or events are

suitable for the control group?

• Dead controls
• Population controls
• Hospital or clinic controls
• Friend, spouse, and relative controls

Ans: C

Test Bank for Essentials of Epidemiology in Public Health 4th Edition By Ann Aschengrau, George Seage 1 / 4

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Selection of Controls

Subject: Chapter 9

Title: Case-Control Studies

• In which sampling approach does the investigator select a control from the population at risk when the

case is diagnosed?

• Cluster sampling
• Survivor sampling
• Case-base sampling
• Risk set sampling

Ans: D

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Selection of Controls

Subject: Chapter 9

Title: Case-Control Studies

• Which type of bias can occur in cohort and experimental studies from differential losses to follow-up?
• Recall bias
• Interviewer bias
• Information bias
• Selection bias

Ans: D

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Selection Bias

Subject: Chapter 10

Title: Bias

• The best way to ensure that which type of bias does not occur is to obtain high participation rates

among both cases and controls?

• Recall bias
• Information bias
• Self-selection bias
• Control-selection bias

Ans: C

Complexity: Moderate

Ahead: Selection Bias

Subject: Chapter 10

Title: Bias

• The healthy worker effect is a form of selection bias that occurs in two special types of which type of

studies—proportional mortality ratio (PMR) and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) studies?

• Cohort studies
• Ecological studies
• Case-control studies
• Cross-sectional studies

Ans: A

Complexity: Easy 2 / 4

Ahead: Selection Bias

Subject: Chapter 10

Title: Bias

• Although which type of bias can occur in both case-control and retrospective cohort studies, it is

typically described in the context of a traditional case-control study with nondiseased controls?

• Recall bias
• Interviewer bias
• Information bias
• Selection bias

Ans: A

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Information Bias

Subject: Chapter 10

Title: Bias

• A variable that is a step in the causal chain is referred to as which of the following?
• Outlier
• Mediator
• Confounder
• Biomarker

Ans: B

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Definition and Examples of Confounding

Subject: Chapter 11

Title: Confounding

• Which of the following reflects the fact that treatments are given to individuals with a particular

disease, and therefore, there is a mixing of effects between the treatment, the disease for which the treatment is given, and the outcome under study?

• Positive confounding
• Negative confounding
• Confounding by indication
• Confounding by severity

Ans: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Confounding by Indication and Severity

Subject: Chapter 11

Title: Confounding

• A unique advantage of which of the following is that it will control for variables that study investigators

are unable to measure?

• Matching
• Restriction
• Randomization
• Literature review

Ans: C

Complexity: Easy 3 / 4

Ahead: Controlling for Confounding in the Design

Subject: Chapter 11

Title: Confounding

• Which of the following is advantageous when the case series in a case-control study is very small,

and therefore other options for controlling confounding do not work well?

• Matching
• Restriction
• Randomization
• Literature review

Ans: A

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: Controlling for Confounding in the Design

Subject: Chapter 11

Title: Confounding

• During the third phase of biostatistical history, between World Wars I and II, researchers took

methods for testing hypothesis using in which type of research and applied them to medicine and public health?

• Industrial research
• Sociological research
• Agricultural research
• Ecological research

Ans: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: History of Biostatistics in Public Health

Subject: Chapter 12

Title: Random Error

• Although many epidemiologists and biostatisticians emphasize the role of which of the following as an

explanation for study findings, others believe that it is overemphasized to the point of misinterpreting study results?

• Bias
• Confounding
• Random error
• Generalization

Ans: C

Complexity: Easy

Ahead: History of Biostatistics in Public Health

Subject: Chapter 12

Title: Random Error

• Which mathematical theory provides the basis for making statistical inferences?
• Distribution
• Elimination
• Probability
• Singularity

Ans: C

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