Theory way of thinking. Paradigm is based on a theory. When a theory gets followers then it becomes a

HC 1 & 2 Theory = way of thinking. Paradigm is based on a theory. When a theory gets followers then it becomes a paradigm.Paradigm = worldview. E.g. Evolutionism, romanticism, Marxism.Evolutionism Evolutionism is the thinking that society emerges from one source into one direction (linear thinking).That groups evolve through different stages to eventually reach a certain preferred ideal. During the Hellenistic period this ideal was the Hellenistic culture. In the Age of Discovery the ideal was the Victorian model and according to Marxism the ideal is communism.They thought that every person in essence is the same and because of that go through stages the same way. They saw the differences between cultures, but they were looking at elements of society that show evolution.Hellenistic century: superior culture, higher civilization than other people. Spreading of cultural ideas started to happen.

Age of discovery: trade, traveling (Marco Polo). Others were inferiors/pagans.

Terranunians = nobodies land.Homoaniemales = people who are not baptized, people in inferior states.Feeling of European superiority because of Christianity. Popes supported the kings (doctrine of the Church) and the kings sent the explorers to explore the world. So the explorers were very confident because of this great support, they also felt superior to the cultures they explored, because those people were not baptized. They needed Christianity to become like Europeans, to eventually reach the Victorian ideal who every person needed to reach in order not to be regarded and treated as inferior anymore.People who were not baptized were not regarded as human but barbarians until they reach the final stage of baptism/Christianity.Critics of evolutionism argue that society does not only move in one way.

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Enlightment 18 th century Liberation thinking started in France, Church isn’t always right.Ratio, agency, liberation from Church, empirical observation. Groups change technologically, not religiously.

Descartes: reason. Rational thinking.

Evolution thinking is still important. Evolutionism not only about civilizations getting better, because some cultures got destroyed. Even though society developed in different ways, they still thought there must be some similarities.Debates 18 th century France → reason Germany →

emotion. Romanticism: a reaction against rationalization of nature. It was

embodied in arts, music and literature. It had a strong effect on nationalism. There was a particular discourse on nation building.Methodological individualism: the way you come to theory is by human senses; smell, touch.Methodological collectivism: empirical conscious- or unconsciousness. E.g. Whether or not you are aware of the concept ‘human’, what human means to us, could have a complete different meaning in another culture. Or whether or not you are aware of who pulls the strings in society.19 th century Start of Anthropology Tylor. Had a religious background. Also ‘Father of Anthropology’ because he was the first to give a definition of culture. He argued there was a connection between different societies. Within diversity looking for uniformity (evolutionist thinking). Looked at religion, law etc. through the lens of evolutionism. Introduced the term cultural survivals.Morgan. Society evolves based on kinship groups and through stages and classifications. Start of fieldwork, explorers stayed only a short period of time.

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