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WGU D027 Final Exam Comprehensive Study Guide ( 2023/ 2024 Update) Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations Questions and Answers
Q: primary malignant tumor
Answer:
lack of organization of cells
Q: glucocorticoids
Answer:
used in combination with other agent to treat lymphoid tissue (leukemia). glucocorticoids are directly toxic to lymphoid tissues.
Q: Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM)
Answer:
for hormone receptor positive and advanced breast cancer. (Tamoxifin reduces risk and recurrence risk)
Q: Heart failure
Answer:
impairment of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood; heart cannot meet metabolic need of the body.
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Q: CHF
Answer:
heart cannot keep up with metabolic needs; volume overload in pulmonary area
Q: Left Ventricular Dysfunction
Answer:
reduced ejection fraction; ventricle having issue ejecting blood.
Q: normal ejection fraction
Answer:
55 - 60 % (blood pumped out with each heartbeat)
Q: Ejection fraction of 50% - reduced or preserved?
Answer:
preserved
Q: Diastolic CHF
Answer:
preserved ejection fraction, problem is with filling
Q: Systolic CHF
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Answer:
reduced ejection fraction, problem is with ejecting
Q: Left sided CHF
Answer:
pulmonary (JVD, fluid volume overload, rails, S-3 murmurs) ** #1 cause of Right sided CHF
Q: BNP
Answer:
gold standard lab test to diagnose CHF
Q: Echocardiogram
Answer:
Diagnostic tool, evaluates heart structure and function
Q: At Risk for HF - Stage A
Answer:
no structural heart disease or symptoms of heart failure
Q: Stage A HF co-morbidities
Answer:
htn, atherosclerotic disease, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, patients using cardiotoxins with family history
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Q: Therapy goals of stage A HF
Answer:
treat htn, encourage smoking cessation, encourage regular exercise, treat lipid disorders, discourage alcohol intake/drug use, control metabolic syndrome Meds: ACEI or Angiotensin II RB for vascular disease or diabetes (avapro, losartan, benicar, diovan, etc)
Q: At Risk for HF - Stage B
Answer:
structural heart disease but no symptoms of heart failure
Q: Stage B HF co-morbidities
Answer:
previous MI, LV remodeling with LV hypertrophy and low EF, asymptomatic valvular disease
Q: Therapy goals of Stage B HF
Answer:
Meds: ACEI or ARB, Beta-blockers, inplantable defibrillators
Q: Stage C heart failure
Answer:
structural heart disease with prior or current symptoms of HF
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